Female Syrian refugees are a vital part of Turkey's agricultural workforce, yet patriarchal and capitalist forces have intensified their gendered subordination. This brief — part of a series from the Edward P. Djerejian Center for the Middle East — explores ways to improve their status.
The authors describe five high priority challenges that must be overcome to accelerate the beneficial use of produced and other non-fresh water sources brought to the surface during oil and gas production.
Broad collaborative action between the government, industry, municipalities and other stakeholders is necessary to enable the beneficial use of non-fresh water, especially produced water from oil and gas production.